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LIFE IN THE LOWER SUSQUEHANNA RIVER WATERSHED

A Natural History of Conewago Falls—The Waters of Three Mile Island

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  • Hawkwatcher’s Helper: Identifying Bald Eagles and other Diurnal Raptors
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Posted on September 11, 2021September 11, 2021

Posted on September 9, 2021September 9, 2021

Why This Week Your Editor Read Eric Hoffer Once Again

Plastics are not only an unsightly environmental nightmare, they put all of us in danger in the event of a fire. It doesn't matter whether you're a firefighter, an E.M.S. provider, a police officer, a municipal planner, or just a citizen concerned for the safety of one's self and family, you need to know the hazards and what to do about them. Don't wait; click this image to visit our Riverside Firemen's Retreat page and get informed.

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In the current…

  • Photo of the Day March 20, 2023
  • Off To The Races March 9, 2023
  • Plantings for Wet Lowlands March 3, 2023
  • Photo of the Day March 2, 2023
  • Photo of the Day February 26, 2023

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THE ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM:

WARNING: BIG FOOTPRINT ALERT!

The lower Susquehanna valley's native wildlife and plant communities continue to be decimated by the expanding range of the planet's most invasive beast: BIG FOOTPRINT (Homo sapiens macrovestigium). These are vicious, dangerous animals. KEEP YOUR DISTANCE!

Hierarchical Index

  • Animals (Animalia)
    • Arthropods (Arthropoda)
      • Arachnids and Horseshoe Crabs (Chelicerata)
        • Arachnids (Arachnida)
          • Spiders (Araneae)
            • Jumping Spiders (Salticidae)
              • Bold Jumping Spider
            • Orb-weaver Spiders (Araneidae)
              • Bridge Orb Weaver
            • Wolf Spiders (Lycosidae)
              • "Tiger" Wolf Spiders (Tigrosa species)
          • Ticks (Ixodida)
            • Hard Ticks (Ixodidae)
              • American Dog Tick
              • Deer Tick
        • Horseshoe Crabs (Xiphosura)
          • Horseshoe Crabs (Limulidae)
            • Atlantic Horseshoe Crab
      • Crustaceans (Crustacea)
        • Crabs (Malacostraca)
          • Crabs and Crayfish (Decapoda)
            • Crayfish (Cambaridae)
              • Rusty Crayfish
            • Ghost Crabs and Fiddler Crabs (Ocypodidae)
              • Atlantic Ghost Crab
            • Mole Crabs (Hippidae)
              • Mole Crab
      • Six-legged Arthropods (Hexapoda)
        • Insects (Insecta)
          • Alderflies and Dobsonflies (Megaloptera)
            • Dobsonflies and Fishflies (Corydalidae)
              • Eastern Dobsonfly
          • Bees and Ants (Hymenoptera)
            • Bees (Apidae)
              • Bumble Bee species
              • Eastern Carpenter Bee
              • Honey Bee
            • Mason and Leafcutter Bees (Megachilidae)
              • Leafcutter Bee species
              • Mason Bee species
            • Solitary Wasps (Sphecidae)
              • Cicada Killer
              • Pipe Organ Mud Dauber
              • Solitary Wasp species
            • Vespid Wasps (Vespidae)
              • Eastern Yellowjacket
              • Paper Wasp
          • Beetles (Coleoptera)
            • Ground Beetles (Carabidae)
            • Jewel Beetles (Buprestidae)
              • Emerald Ash Borer
            • Lady Beetles (Coccinellidae)
              • Asian Multicolored Lady Beetle
            • Longhorn Beetles (Cerambycidae)
              • Red Milkweed Beetle
            • Scarab Beetles (Scarabaeidae)
              • Japanese Beetle
          • Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera)
            • Brush-footed Butterflies (Nymphalidae)
              • Buckeye
              • Eastern Comma
              • Monarch
              • Mourning Cloak
              • Painted Lady
              • Pearl Crescent
              • Red Admiral
              • Silvery Checkerspot
              • Variegated Fritillary
              • Viceroy
            • Erebid Moths (Erebidae)
              • Hickory Tussock Moth
            • Gossamer-winged Butterflies (Lycaenidae)
              • American Copper
              • Eastern Tailed Blue
              • Gray Hairstreak
              • Red-banded Hairstreak
            • Large Moths (Saturniidae)
              • Eastern Buck Moth
            • Moth species
            • Skippers (Hesperiidae)
              • Fiery Skipper
              • Horace's Duskywing
              • Least Skipper
              • Sachem
              • Silver-spotted Skipper
              • Wild Indigo Duskywing
              • Zabulon Skipper
            • Swallowtail Butterflies (Papilionidae)
              • Eastern Tiger Swallowtail
              • Spicebush Swallowtail
              • Zebra Swallowtail
            • Whites and Sulphurs (Pieridae)
              • Cabbage White
              • Clouded Sulphur
              • Cloudless Sulphur
              • Orange Sulphur
          • Caddisflies (Trichoptera)
            • Comb-lipped Casemaker Caddisflies (Calamoceratidae)
            • Net-spinning Caddisflies (Hydropsychidae)
          • Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata)
            • Clubtails (Gomphidae)
              • Black-shouldered Spinyleg
              • Lancet Clubtail
              • Unicorn Clubtail
            • Darners (Aeshnidae)
              • Common Green Darner
              • Shadow Darner
              • Swamp Darner
            • Emeralds (Corduliidae)
              • Prince Baskettail
            • Pond Damselflies (Coenagrionidae)
              • Familiar Bluet
              • Fragile Forktail
              • Powdered Dancer
            • Skimmers (Libellulidae)
              • Black Saddlebags
              • Carolina Saddlebags
              • Great Blue Skimmer
              • Halloween Pennant
              • Slaty Skimmer
              • Twelve-spotted Skimmer
              • Wandering Glider
          • Flies (Diptera)
            • Blow Flies (Calliphoridae)
              • Greenbottle Fly
            • Craneflies (Tipulidae)
            • Houseflies and Stableflies (Muscidae)
              • House Fly
            • Hover Flies (Syrphidae)
              • Yellowjacket Hover Fly
            • Mosquitos (Culicidae)
              • Asian Tiger Mosquito
              • Northern House Mosquito
            • Robber Flies (Asilidae)
              • Robber Fly species
          • Grasshoppers and Crickets (Orthoptera)
            • Katydids (Tettigoniidae)
              • Bush Katydid species
              • Lesser Angle-winged Katydid
          • Mayflies (Ephemeroptera)
            • Burrowing Mayflies (Ephemeridae)
              • Great Brown Drake
          • Praying Mantises (Mantodea)
            • Praying Mantises (Mantidae)
              • Chinese Mantis
          • Stick Insects (Phasmatodea)
            • Walkingsticks (Diapheromeridae)
              • Northern Walkingstick
          • Stoneflies (Plecoptera)
            • Winter Stoneflies (Taeniopterygidae)
          • True Bugs (Hemiptera)
            • Aphids (Aphididae)
              • Oleander Aphid
            • Cicadas (Cicadidae)
              • Annual Cicada
                • Silver-bellied Cicada
              • Periodical Cicada
                • Magicicada cassinii
                • Magicicada septendecim
                • Magicicada septendecula
            • Lanternflies (Fulgoridae)
              • Spotted Lanternfly
            • Shield Bugs (Pentatomidae)
              • Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
            • Water Striders (Gerridae)
    • Bryozoans (Bryozoa)
      • Freshwater Bryozoans (Phylactolaemata)
        • Freshwater Bryozoans (Plumatellida)
    • Chordates (Chordata)
      • Amphibians (Amphibia)
        • Frogs (Anura)
          • Treefrogs (Hylidae)
            • Northern Spring Peeper
          • True Frogs (Ranidae)
            • Green Frog
            • Wood Frog
        • Salamanders (Urodela)
          • Lungless Salamanders (Plethodontidae)
            • Northern Slimy Salamander
      • Birds (Aves)
        • Cranes and Rails (Gruiformes)
          • Rails (Rallidae)
            • American Coot
        • Cuckoos and Roadrunners (Cuculiformes)
          • Cuckoos and Roadrunners (Cuculidae)
            • Yellow-billed Cuckoo
        • Diurnal Raptors (Accipitriformes)
          • Hawks and Eagles (Accipitridae)
            • Bald Eagle
            • Broad-winged Hawk
            • Cooper's Hawk
            • Golden Eagle
            • Mississippi Kite
            • Northern Goshawk
            • Northern Harrier
            • Red-shouldered Hawk
            • Red-tailed Hawk
            • Rough-legged Hawk
            • Sharp-shinned Hawk
          • Osprey (Pandionidae)
            • Osprey
          • Vultures (Cathartidae)
            • Black Vulture
            • Turkey Vulture
        • Ducks and Geese (Anseriformes)
          • Ducks and Geese (Anatidae)
            • American Black Duck
            • American Wigeon
            • Blue-winged Teal
            • Bufflehead
            • Cackling Goose
              • Richardson's Cackling Goose
            • Canada Goose
              • Lesser Canada Goose
            • Canvasback
            • Common Goldeneye
            • Common Merganser
            • Gadwall
            • Green-winged Teal
            • Hooded Merganser
            • Long-tailed Duck
            • Mallard
              • Mallard (polygamous form)
            • Mute Swan
            • Northern Pintail
            • Northern Shoveler
            • Red-breasted Merganser
            • Redhead
            • Ring-necked Duck
            • Ruddy Duck
            • Scaup species
              • Greater Scaup
              • Lesser Scaup
            • Scoter species
            • Snow Goose
              • "Blue Goose"
            • Tufted Duck
            • Tundra Swan
            • Wood Duck
        • Falcons (Falconiformes)
          • Falcons (Falconidae)
            • American Kestrel
            • Merlin
              • "Taiga Merlin"
            • Peregrine Falcon
              • "Tundra Peregrine Falcon"
        • Frigatebirds and Cormorants (Suliformes)
          • Cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae)
            • Double-crested Cormorant
        • Grebes (Podicipediformes)
          • Grebes (Podicipedidae)
            • Horned Grebe
            • Pied-billed Grebe
            • Red-necked Grebe
        • Loons (Gaviiformes)
          • Loons (Gaviidae)
            • Common Loon
        • Motmots and Kingfishers (Coraciiformes)
          • Kingfishers (Alcedinidae)
            • Belted Kingfisher
        • Nighthawks and Nightjars (Caprimulgiformes)
          • Nighthawks and Nightjars (Caprimulgidae)
            • Common Nighthawk
            • Eastern Whip-poor-will
        • Owls (Strigiformes)
          • Typical Owls (Strigidae)
            • Great Horned Owl
        • Parrots (Psittaciformes)
          • Neotropical and Afrotropical Parrots (Psittacidae)
            • Carolina Parakeet
        • Pelicans and Herons (Pelecaniformes)
          • Herons and Egrets (Ardeidae)
            • American Bittern
            • Great Blue Heron
            • Great Egret
            • Snowy Egret
            • Yellow-crowned Night Heron
          • Ibises and Spoonbills (Threskiornithidae)
            • Roseate Spoonbill
        • Perching Birds (Passeriformes)
          • Blackbirds (Icteridae)
            • Baltimore Oriole
            • Bobolink
            • Brown-headed Cowbird
            • Common Grackle
            • Eastern Meadowlark
            • Orchard Oriole
            • Red-winged Blackbird
            • Rusty Blackbird
          • Cardinals (Cardinalidae)
            • Indigo Bunting
            • Northern Cardinal
            • Rose-breasted Grosbeak
            • Scarlet Tanager
          • Chats (Icteridae)
            • Yellow-breasted Chat
          • Chickadees and Titmice (Paridae)
            • Black-capped Chickadee
            • Black-capped/Carolina Chickadee
            • Carolina Chickadee
            • Tufted Titmouse
          • Finches (Fringillidae)
            • American Goldfinch
            • Evening Grosbeak
            • House Finch
            • Pine Siskin
            • Purple Finch
            • Red Crossbill
            • White-winged Crossbill
          • Flycatchers (Tyrannidae)
            • Eastern Kingbird
            • Eastern Phoebe
            • Eastern Wood-Pewee
            • Great Crested Flycatcher
            • Olive-sided Flycatcher
            • Willow Flycatcher
          • Gnatcatchers (Polioptilidae)
            • Blue-gray Gnatcatcher
          • Jays and Crows (Corvidae)
            • American Crow
            • Blue Jay
            • Common Raven
            • Fish Crow
          • Kinglets (Regulidae)
            • Golden-crowned Kinglet
            • Ruby-crowned Kinglet
          • Larks (Alaudidae)
            • Horned Lark
          • Mimics (Mimidae)
            • Gray Catbird
            • Northern Mockingbird
          • Nuthatches (Sittidae)
            • Red-breasted Nuthatch
            • White-breasted Nuthatch
          • Old World Sparrows (Passeridae)
            • House Sparrow
          • Sparrows (Passerellidae)
            • American Tree Sparrow
            • Chipping Sparrow
            • Dark-eyed Junco
            • Eastern Towhee
            • Field Sparrow
            • Fox Sparrow
            • Lincoln's Sparrow
            • Savannah Sparrow
            • Song Sparrow
            • Swamp Sparrow
            • White-crowned Sparrow
            • White-throated Sparrow
          • Starlings and Mynas (Sturnidae)
            • European Starling
          • Swallows (Hirundinidae)
            • Bank Swallow
            • Barn Swallow
            • Cliff Swallow
            • Northern Rough-winged Swallow
            • Purple Martin
            • Tree Swallow
          • Thrushes (Turdidae)
            • American Robin
            • Eastern Bluebird
            • Hermit Thrush
            • Veery
            • Wood Thrush
          • Treecreepers (Certhiidae)
            • Brown Creeper
          • Vireos (Vireonidae)
            • Blue-headed Vireo
            • Red-eyed Vireo
            • Warbling Vireo
            • White-eyed Vireo
            • Yellow-throated Vireo
          • Wagtails and Pipits (Motacillidae)
            • American Pipit
          • Warblers (Parulidae)
            • American Redstart
            • Bay-breasted Warbler
            • Black-and-white Warbler
            • Black-throated Blue Warbler
            • Black-throated Green Warbler
            • Blackburnian Warbler
            • Blackpoll Warbler
            • Blue-winged Warbler
            • Canada Warbler
            • Cape May Warbler
            • Chestnut-sided Warbler
            • Common Yellowthroat
            • Magnolia Warbler
            • Nashville Warbler
            • Northern Parula
            • Northern Waterthrush
            • Ovenbird
            • Palm Warbler
            • Tennessee Warbler
            • Wilson's Warbler
            • Yellow Warbler
            • Yellow-rumped Warbler
            • Yellow-throated Warbler
          • Waxwings (Bombycillidae)
            • Cedar Waxwing
          • Wrens (Troglodytidae)
            • Carolina Wren
            • House Wren
            • Winter Wren
        • Pigeons and Doves (Columbiformes)
          • Pigeons and Doves (Columbidae)
            • Mourning Dove
            • Passenger Pigeon
        • Swifts and Hummingbirds (Apodiformes)
          • Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
            • Ruby-throated Hummingbird
          • Swifts (Apodidae)
            • Chimney Swift
        • Toucans and Woodpeckers (Piciformes)
          • Woodpeckers (Picidae)
            • Downy Woodpecker
            • Hairy Woodpecker
            • Ivory-billed Woodpecker
            • Northern Flicker
            • Pileated Woodpecker
            • Red-bellied Woodpecker
            • Red-headed Woodpecker
            • Yellow-bellied Sapsucker
        • Waders and Gulls (Charadriiformes)
          • Avocets and Stilts (Recurvirostridae)
            • American Avocet
          • Gulls and Terns (Laridae)
            • Black-headed Gull
            • Bonaparte's Gull
            • Caspian Tern
            • Great Black-backed Gull
            • Herring Gull
            • Lesser Black-backed Gull
            • Ring-billed Gull
          • Plovers (Charadriidae)
            • Killdeer
            • Semipalmated Plover
          • Sandpipers (Scolopacidae)
            • Baird's Sandpiper
            • Greater Yellowlegs
            • Least Sandpiper
            • Lesser Yellowlegs
            • Sanderling
            • Semipalmated Sandpiper
            • Solitary Sandpiper
            • Spotted Sandpiper
            • Wilson's Snipe
        • Wildfowl (Galliformes)
          • Chickens and Turkeys (Phasianidae)
            • Heath Hen
            • Red Jungle Fowl
              • Domestic Chicken
            • Ring-necked Pheasant
            • Ruffed Grouse
            • Wild Turkey
          • New World Quail (Odontophoridae)
            • Northern Bobwhite
      • Mammals (Mammalia)
        • Carnivores (Carnivora)
          • Canines (Canidae)
            • Domestic Dog
            • Red Fox
          • Cats (Felidae)
            • Domestic Cat
          • Skunks and Badgers (Mephitidae)
            • Striped Skunk
        • Even-toed Ungulates (Artiodactyla)
          • Deer (Cervidae)
            • White-tailed Deity
          • Pigs (Suidae)
            • Pig
        • Monkeys and Apes (Primates)
          • Great Apes (Hominidae)
            • Human
        • Rabbits and Pikas (Lagomorpha)
          • Rabbits and Hares (Leporidae)
            • Eastern Cottontail
        • Rodents (Rodentia)
          • Beavers (Castoridae)
            • Beaver
          • Mice and Voles (Cricetidae)
            • White-footed Mouse
          • Squirrels (Sciuridae)
            • Eastern Gray Squirrel
            • Woodchuck
        • Shrews and Moles (Eulipotyphla)
          • Moles (Talpidae)
            • Eastern Mole
      • Ray-finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)
        • Carangaria (Anabantiformes)
          • Snakeheads (Channidae)
            • Northern Snakehead
        • Carps and Minnows (Cypriniformes)
          • Cyprinids (Cyprinidae)
            • Bluntnose Minnow
            • Common Carp
            • Cutlips Minnow
            • Eastern Blacknose Dace
            • Fallfish
            • Fathead Minnow
            • Golden Shiner
            • Longnose Dace
            • River Chub
            • Spotfin Shiner
            • Spotfin Shiner/Satinfin Shiner
            • Swallowtail Shiner
          • Suckers (Catostomidae)
            • Shorthead Redhorse
            • White Sucker
        • Catfish (Siluriformes)
          • Ictalurids (Ictaluridae)
            • Blue Catfish
            • Channel Catfish
            • Flathead Catfish
            • Margined Madtom
        • Eels (Anguilliformes)
          • Freshwater Eels (Anguillidae)
            • American Eel
        • Herring (Clupeiformes)
          • Herring (Clupeidae)
            • American Shad
            • Gizzard Shad
            • Hickory Shad
        • Killifish and Livebearers (Cyprinodontiformes)
          • Killifish and Topminnows (Fundulidae)
            • Banded Killifish
        • Perch-like Fishes (Perciformes)
          • Perch and Darters (Percidae)
            • Banded Darter
            • Greenside Darter
            • Tessellated Darter
            • Walleye
          • Sunfishes (Centrarchidae)
            • Bluegill
            • Redbreast Sunfish
            • Rock Bass
            • Smallmouth Bass
          • Temperate Basses (Moronidae)
            • Striped Bass
            • White Perch
        • Salmon and Trout (Salmoniformes)
          • Salmon and Trout (Salmonidae)
            • Rainbow Trout
      • Reptiles (Reptilia)
        • Scaled Reptiles (Squamata)
          • Skinks (Scincidae)
            • Five-lined Skink
          • Typical Snakes (Colubridae)
            • Eastern Ratsnake
            • Northern Water Snake
          • Vipers (Viperidae)
            • Eastern Copperhead
            • Timber Rattlesnake
        • Turtles (Testudines)
          • Pond Turtles (Emydidae)
            • Common Map Turtle
            • Painted Turtle
            • Red-eared Slider
          • Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae)
            • Snapping Turtle
    • Mollusks (Mollusca)
      • Bivalves (Bivalvia)
        • Equal-valved Clams (Venerida)
          • Thick-walled Clams (Cyrenidae)
            • Asiatic Clam
        • Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida)
          • River Mussels (Unionidae)
            • Eastern Elliptio
            • Yellow Lampmussel
      • Snails and Slugs (Gastropoda)
        • Different-gilled Snails (Heterobranchia)
          • Limpets and Ram's Horns (Planorbidae)
            • Creeping Ancylid
        • Sea Snails+ (Caenogastropoda)
          • Mystery Snails (Viviparidae)
            • Lesser Mystery Snail
          • Spire-shelled Freshwater Snails (Pleuroceridae)
            • River Snail
            • Virginian River Horn Snail
        • Terrestrial Snails and Slugs (Stylommatophora)
          • Terrestrial Slugs (Agriolimacidae)
            • Gray Garden Slug
  • Astronomy
    • Asteroids
    • Earth and Moon
    • Space Travel
      • Apollo 11
      • Apollo 13
      • Apollo 8
    • Sun
      • Coronal Mass Ejection
      • Solar Eclipse
      • Solar Rotation
  • Birds on Radar
  • Climate
    • Drought
    • Dust Storm
      • Saharan Dust Storm
    • Floods
      • Hurricane Agnes
      • Tropical Storm Lee
    • Ice Age
    • Ice Scour
    • Rainfall
    • Sun Halo
    • Tornado
  • Early Naturalists
    • Linnaean Society of Lancaster City and County
      • Garber (Dr. Abram P.)
      • Gray (Prof. Asa)
      • Haldeman (Prof. Samuel S.)
      • LeConte (Prof. J. L.)
      • Libhart (Judge John J.)
      • McCaskey (John P.)
      • Rathvon (Simon S.)
      • Stevens (Honorable Thaddeus)
  • Extinct Species
  • Geology
    • Erosion
      • Floodplains
    • Gettysburg Basin
      • Gettysburg Formation
        • Triassic redbeds
      • York Haven Diabase
        • Conewago Falls
          • Pothole Rocks
  • Habitats
    • Lentic Waters
      • Alluvial Terrace Wetlands
      • Diabase Pothole Rocks Microhabitat
      • Lakes
      • Vernal Ponds
    • Lotic Waters
      • Warmwater Stream
    • Riparian Woodlands
    • Riverine Grasslands
    • Warm-season Grass Meadows
  • Hawk Watches
    • Rocky Ridge County Park
    • Second Mountain
    • Waggoner's Gap
  • Landmarks
    • Bridges
      • Columbia-Wrightsville Bridge
    • Gettysburg Basin Archipelago
      • Brunner Island
      • Three Mile Island
        • Three Mile Island Generating Station
          • Accident at Three Mile Island
    • Harrisburg International Airport
    • Hydroelectric Dams
      • Conowingo Dam
      • Holtwood Dam
      • Safe Harbor Dam
        • Lake Clarke
      • York Haven Dam
  • Non-native/Introduced Species
    • Invasive Species
  • Physiographic Provinces
    • Atlantic Coastal Plain Province
    • Piedmont Province
    • Ridge and Valley Province
  • Plants (Plantae)
    • Conifers (Pinopsida)
      • Extant Conifers (Pinales)
        • Cypresses (Cupressaceae)
          • Chinese Juniper
            • "Hollywood Juniper"
          • Eastern Red Cedar
        • Pines (Pinaceae)
          • Eastern Hemlock
          • Eastern White Pine
          • Norway Spruce
    • Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)
      • Eudicots (Eudicotyledon)
        • Plane Trees and Lotus (Proteales)
          • Plane Trees (Platanaceae)
            • Eastern Sycamore
        • Poppies and Buttercups (Ranunculales)
          • Buttercups (Ranunculaceae)
            • Lesser Celandine
            • Sweet Autumn Virgin's Bower
          • Poppies (Papaveraceae)
            • Dutchman's Breeches
        • Rosids
          • Basswood and Mallows (Malvales)
            • Mallows (Malvaceae)
              • Halberd-leaved Rose Mallow
              • Swamp Rose Mallow
          • Bladdernuts (Crossosomatales)
            • Bladdernuts (Staphyleaceae)
              • American Bladdernut
          • Citrus and Maples (Sapindales)
            • Cashews and Sumacs (Anacardiaceae)
              • Poison Ivy
            • Soapberries (Sapindaceae)
              • Red Maple
          • Forest Nut Trees (Fagales)
            • Beeches and Oaks (Fagaceae)
              • American Beech
              • Bear (Scrub) Oak
              • Black Oak
              • Blackjack Oak
              • Chestnut Oak
              • Chinkapin Oak
              • Northern Red Oak
              • Pin Oak
              • Swamp White Oak
              • White Oak
            • Birches (Betulaceae)
              • River Birch
            • Walnuts (Juglandaceae)
              • Black Walnut
              • Shagbark Hickory
          • Grapevines (Vitales)
            • Grapevines (Vitaceae)
              • Fox Grape
              • Virginia Creeper
          • Legumes and Milkworts (Fabales)
            • Legumes (Fabaceae)
              • Crown Vetch
              • Eastern Redbud
              • Maryland Senna
              • Partridge Pea
          • Myrtles (Myrtales)
            • Cupheas and Loosestrifes (Lythraceae)
              • Mexican Cigar
              • Purple Loosestrife
          • Roses and Nettles (Rosales)
            • Hackberries and Hops (Cannabaceae)
              • Northern Hackberry
            • Roses (Rosaceae)
              • Black Cherry
              • Black Chokeberry
              • Callery Pear
                • "Bradford Pear"
              • Multiflora Rose
          • Willows and Violets (Malpighiales)
            • Willows and Poplars (Salicaceae)
              • Willow species
        • Superasterids
          • Asterids
            • Ashes and Mints (Lamiales)
              • Acanthus (Acanthaceae)
                • Water Willow
              • Ashes and Olives (Oleaceae)
                • Green Ash
              • Bignonias (Bignoniaceae)
                • Trumpet Vine
              • Mints and Sages (Lamiaceae)
                • American Beautyberry
                • Wild Bergamot
            • Borages and Forget-me-nots (Boraginales)
              • Borages and Forget-me-nots (Boraginaceae)
                • Virginia Bluebells
            • Composites and Bellflowers (Asterales)
              • Bellflowers (Campanulaceae)
                • Great Lobelia
              • Composites (Asteraceae)
                • Aster species
                • Black-eyed Susan
                • Common Dandelion
                • Common Sunflower
                • Frost Aster
                • Goldenrod species
                • Gray-headed Coneflower
                • Green-headed Coneflower
                • Joe-Pye Weed species
                • Lance-leaved Coreopsis
                • Oxeye
                • Plains Coreopsis
                • Purple Coneflower
                • Rough Boneset
                • Wingstem
            • Dogwoods and Tupelos (Cornales)
              • Dogwoods (Nyssaceae)
                • Black Tupelo
            • Gentians (Gentianales)
              • Coffees and Madders (Rubiaceae)
                • Buttonbush
              • Dogbanes (Apocynaceae)
                • Butterfly Weed
                • Common Milkweed
                • Swamp Milkweed
            • Hollies (Aquifoliales)
              • Hollies (Aquifoliaceae)
                • American Holly
                • Common Winterberry
            • Honeysuckles and Valerians (Dipsacales)
              • Honeysuckles and Viburnums (Adoxaceae)
                • Highbush Cranberry
            • Impatiens and Azaleas (Ericales)
              • Balsams (Balsaminaceae)
                • Pale Touch-Me-Not
                • Spotted Touch-Me-Not
              • Heathers (Ericaceae)
                • Great Rhododendron
                • Mountain Laurel
                • Pinxter Flower
          • Cacti and Carnations (Caryophyllales)
            • Knotweeds and Smartweeds (Polygonaceae)
              • Mile-a-minute Weed
            • Pokeweeds (Phytolaccaceae)
              • American Pokeweed
            • Spring Beauties (Montiaceae)
              • Eastern Spring Beauty
      • Magnolias and Tuliptrees (Magnoliids)
        • Magnolias and Tuliptrees (Magnoliales)
          • Custard Apples (Annonaceae)
            • Common Pawpaw
          • Magnolias and Tuliptrees (Magnoliaceae)
            • Yellow Poplar (Tuliptree)
        • Sassafras and Laurels (Laurales)
          • Laurels (Lauraceae)
            • Common Spicebush
      • Monocots (Monocotyledon)
        • Arrowheads and Tapegrasses (Alismatales)
          • Arums (Araceae)
            • Skunk Cabbage
          • Tapegrasses and Waterweeds (Hydrocharitaceae)
            • American Eelgrass
        • Commelinids
          • Grassy Plants (Poales)
            • Cattails (Typhaceae)
              • Common Cattail
            • Grasses (Poaceae)
              • Big Bluestem
              • Crabgrass
              • Foxtail species
              • Freshwater Cordgrass
              • Indiangrass
              • Japanese Stiltgrass
              • Little Bluestem
              • Lovegrass species
              • Purpletop
              • Sweet Vernal Grass
              • Switchgrass
          • Spiderworts and Water Hyacinths (Commelinales)
            • Water Hyacinths (Pontederiaceae)
              • Pickerelweed
              • Water Stargrass
        • Lilies (Liliales)
          • Lilies (Liliaceae)
            • Trout Lily
  • Pollution and Stream Impairment
    • "Garbage Soil"
    • Acid Mine Drainage
    • Anthracite Coal Sediment (Culm)
    • Channelization
    • Dead Zone
    • Floodplain Impairment
    • Litter
    • Nutrients and Sediment
      • Legacy Sediment
      • Livestock in Streams
    • Oil Spills
      • Tar Balls
    • Pesticides
      • Herbicides
      • Insecticides
        • Carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate)
        • DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)
        • Neonicotinoids
    • Point Source Pollutants
      • P.C.B.s (polychlorinated biphenyls)
    • Siltation
    • Stormwater
    • Waterfowl Feeding
  • Stream Rehabilitation
    • Cover Crops
    • Field Terracing
    • Floodplain Restoration
    • Forested Stream Buffers
    • Legacy Sediment Removal
    • No-till Farming
    • Nutrient Management
    • Stormwater Management
      • Evaporation
      • Infiltration
        • Rain Garden
      • Retention
    • Streambank Fencing
    • Wastewater Treatment
    • Wetland Restoration
  • Tributaries
    • Conewago Creek (east)
      • Brill's Run
    • Conewago Creek (west)
    • Conoy Creek
    • Stony Creek
      • St. Anthony's Wilderness
    • Swatara Creek
      • Indiantown Run
  • Uncategorized

Alphabetical Index

  • "Blue Goose"
  • "Bradford Pear"
  • "Garbage Soil"
  • "Hollywood Juniper"
  • "Taiga Merlin"
  • "Tiger" Wolf Spiders (Tigrosa species)
  • "Tundra Peregrine Falcon"
  • Acanthus (Acanthaceae)
  • Accident at Three Mile Island
  • Acid Mine Drainage
  • Alderflies and Dobsonflies (Megaloptera)
  • Alluvial Terrace Wetlands
  • American Avocet
  • American Beautyberry
  • American Beech
  • American Bittern
  • American Black Duck
  • American Bladdernut
  • American Coot
  • American Copper
  • American Crow
  • American Dog Tick
  • American Eel
  • American Eelgrass
  • American Goldfinch
  • American Holly
  • American Kestrel
  • American Pipit
  • American Pokeweed
  • American Redstart
  • American Robin
  • American Shad
  • American Tree Sparrow
  • American Wigeon
  • Amphibians (Amphibia)
  • Animals (Animalia)
  • Annual Cicada
  • Anthracite Coal Sediment (Culm)
  • Aphids (Aphididae)
  • Apollo 11
  • Apollo 13
  • Apollo 8
  • Arachnids (Arachnida)
  • Arrowheads and Tapegrasses (Alismatales)
  • Arthropods (Arthropoda)
  • Arums (Araceae)
  • Ashes and Mints (Lamiales)
  • Ashes and Olives (Oleaceae)
  • Asian Multicolored Lady Beetle
  • Asian Tiger Mosquito
  • Asiatic Clam
  • Aster species
  • Asterids
  • Asteroids
  • Astronomy
  • Atlantic Coastal Plain Province
  • Atlantic Ghost Crab
  • Atlantic Horseshoe Crab
  • Avocets and Stilts (Recurvirostridae)
  • Baird's Sandpiper
  • Bald Eagle
  • Balsams (Balsaminaceae)
  • Baltimore Oriole
  • Banded Darter
  • Banded Killifish
  • Bank Swallow
  • Barn Swallow
  • Basswood and Mallows (Malvales)
  • Bay-breasted Warbler
  • Bear (Scrub) Oak
  • Beaver
  • Beavers (Castoridae)
  • Beeches and Oaks (Fagaceae)
  • Bees (Apidae)
  • Bees and Ants (Hymenoptera)
  • Beetles (Coleoptera)
  • Bellflowers (Campanulaceae)
  • Belted Kingfisher
  • Big Bluestem
  • Bignonias (Bignoniaceae)
  • Birches (Betulaceae)
  • Birds (Aves)
  • Birds on Radar
  • Bivalves (Bivalvia)
  • Black Cherry
  • Black Chokeberry
  • Black Oak
  • Black Saddlebags
  • Black Tupelo
  • Black Vulture
  • Black Walnut
  • Black-and-white Warbler
  • Black-capped Chickadee
  • Black-capped/Carolina Chickadee
  • Black-eyed Susan
  • Black-headed Gull
  • Black-shouldered Spinyleg
  • Black-throated Blue Warbler
  • Black-throated Green Warbler
  • Blackbirds (Icteridae)
  • Blackburnian Warbler
  • Blackjack Oak
  • Blackpoll Warbler
  • Bladdernuts (Crossosomatales)
  • Bladdernuts (Staphyleaceae)
  • Blow Flies (Calliphoridae)
  • Blue Catfish
  • Blue Jay
  • Blue-gray Gnatcatcher
  • Blue-headed Vireo
  • Blue-winged Teal
  • Blue-winged Warbler
  • Bluegill
  • Bluntnose Minnow
  • Bobolink
  • Bold Jumping Spider
  • Bonaparte's Gull
  • Borages and Forget-me-nots (Boraginaceae)
  • Borages and Forget-me-nots (Boraginales)
  • Bridge Orb Weaver
  • Bridges
  • Brill's Run
  • Broad-winged Hawk
  • Brown Creeper
  • Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
  • Brown-headed Cowbird
  • Brunner Island
  • Brush-footed Butterflies (Nymphalidae)
  • Bryozoans (Bryozoa)
  • Buckeye
  • Bufflehead
  • Bumble Bee species
  • Burrowing Mayflies (Ephemeridae)
  • Bush Katydid species
  • Buttercups (Ranunculaceae)
  • Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera)
  • Butterfly Weed
  • Buttonbush
  • Cabbage White
  • Cackling Goose
  • Cacti and Carnations (Caryophyllales)
  • Caddisflies (Trichoptera)
  • Callery Pear
  • Canada Goose
  • Canada Warbler
  • Canines (Canidae)
  • Canvasback
  • Cape May Warbler
  • Carangaria (Anabantiformes)
  • Carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate)
  • Cardinals (Cardinalidae)
  • Carnivores (Carnivora)
  • Carolina Chickadee
  • Carolina Parakeet
  • Carolina Saddlebags
  • Carolina Wren
  • Carps and Minnows (Cypriniformes)
  • Cashews and Sumacs (Anacardiaceae)
  • Caspian Tern
  • Catfish (Siluriformes)
  • Cats (Felidae)
  • Cattails (Typhaceae)
  • Cedar Waxwing
  • Channel Catfish
  • Channelization
  • Chats (Icteridae)
  • Chestnut Oak
  • Chestnut-sided Warbler
  • Chickadees and Titmice (Paridae)
  • Chickens and Turkeys (Phasianidae)
  • Chimney Swift
  • Chinese Juniper
  • Chinese Mantis
  • Chinkapin Oak
  • Chipping Sparrow
  • Chordates (Chordata)
  • Cicada Killer
  • Cicadas (Cicadidae)
  • Citrus and Maples (Sapindales)
  • Cliff Swallow
  • Climate
  • Clouded Sulphur
  • Cloudless Sulphur
  • Clubtails (Gomphidae)
  • Coffees and Madders (Rubiaceae)
  • Columbia-Wrightsville Bridge
  • Comb-lipped Casemaker Caddisflies (Calamoceratidae)
  • Commelinids
  • Common Carp
  • Common Cattail
  • Common Dandelion
  • Common Goldeneye
  • Common Grackle
  • Common Green Darner
  • Common Loon
  • Common Map Turtle
  • Common Merganser
  • Common Milkweed
  • Common Nighthawk
  • Common Pawpaw
  • Common Raven
  • Common Spicebush
  • Common Sunflower
  • Common Winterberry
  • Common Yellowthroat
  • Composites (Asteraceae)
  • Composites and Bellflowers (Asterales)
  • Conewago Creek (east)
  • Conewago Creek (west)
  • Conewago Falls
  • Conifers (Pinopsida)
  • Conowingo Dam
  • Conoy Creek
  • Cooper's Hawk
  • Cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae)
  • Coronal Mass Ejection
  • Cover Crops
  • Crabgrass
  • Crabs (Malacostraca)
  • Crabs and Crayfish (Decapoda)
  • Craneflies (Tipulidae)
  • Cranes and Rails (Gruiformes)
  • Crayfish (Cambaridae)
  • Creeping Ancylid
  • Crown Vetch
  • Cuckoos and Roadrunners (Cuculidae)
  • Cuckoos and Roadrunners (Cuculiformes)
  • Cupheas and Loosestrifes (Lythraceae)
  • Custard Apples (Annonaceae)
  • Cutlips Minnow
  • Cypresses (Cupressaceae)
  • Cyprinids (Cyprinidae)
  • Dark-eyed Junco
  • Darners (Aeshnidae)
  • DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)
  • Dead Zone
  • Deer (Cervidae)
  • Deer Tick
  • Diabase Pothole Rocks Microhabitat
  • Different-gilled Snails (Heterobranchia)
  • Diurnal Raptors (Accipitriformes)
  • Dobsonflies and Fishflies (Corydalidae)
  • Dogbanes (Apocynaceae)
  • Dogwoods (Nyssaceae)
  • Dogwoods and Tupelos (Cornales)
  • Domestic Cat
  • Domestic Chicken
  • Domestic Dog
  • Double-crested Cormorant
  • Downy Woodpecker
  • Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata)
  • Drought
  • Ducks and Geese (Anatidae)
  • Ducks and Geese (Anseriformes)
  • Dutchman's Breeches
  • Earth and Moon
  • Eastern Blacknose Dace
  • Eastern Bluebird
  • Eastern Buck Moth
  • Eastern Carpenter Bee
  • Eastern Comma
  • Eastern Copperhead
  • Eastern Cottontail
  • Eastern Dobsonfly
  • Eastern Elliptio
  • Eastern Gray Squirrel
  • Eastern Hemlock
  • Eastern Kingbird
  • Eastern Meadowlark
  • Eastern Mole
  • Eastern Phoebe
  • Eastern Ratsnake
  • Eastern Red Cedar
  • Eastern Redbud
  • Eastern Spring Beauty
  • Eastern Sycamore
  • Eastern Tailed Blue
  • Eastern Tiger Swallowtail
  • Eastern Towhee
  • Eastern Whip-poor-will
  • Eastern White Pine
  • Eastern Wood-Pewee
  • Eastern Yellowjacket
  • Eels (Anguilliformes)
  • Emerald Ash Borer
  • Emeralds (Corduliidae)
  • Equal-valved Clams (Venerida)
  • Erebid Moths (Erebidae)
  • Erosion
  • Eudicots (Eudicotyledon)
  • European Starling
  • Evaporation
  • Even-toed Ungulates (Artiodactyla)
  • Evening Grosbeak
  • Extant Conifers (Pinales)
  • Extinct Species
  • Falcons (Falconidae)
  • Falcons (Falconiformes)
  • Fallfish
  • Familiar Bluet
  • Fathead Minnow
  • Field Sparrow
  • Field Terracing
  • Fiery Skipper
  • Finches (Fringillidae)
  • Fish Crow
  • Five-lined Skink
  • Flathead Catfish
  • Flies (Diptera)
  • Floodplain Impairment
  • Floodplain Restoration
  • Floodplains
  • Floods
  • Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)
  • Flycatchers (Tyrannidae)
  • Forest Nut Trees (Fagales)
  • Forested Stream Buffers
  • Fox Grape
  • Fox Sparrow
  • Foxtail species
  • Fragile Forktail
  • Freshwater Bryozoans (Phylactolaemata)
  • Freshwater Bryozoans (Plumatellida)
  • Freshwater Cordgrass
  • Freshwater Eels (Anguillidae)
  • Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida)
  • Frigatebirds and Cormorants (Suliformes)
  • Frogs (Anura)
  • Frost Aster
  • Gadwall
  • Garber (Dr. Abram P.)
  • Gentians (Gentianales)
  • Geology
  • Gettysburg Basin
  • Gettysburg Basin Archipelago
  • Gettysburg Formation
  • Ghost Crabs and Fiddler Crabs (Ocypodidae)
  • Gizzard Shad
  • Gnatcatchers (Polioptilidae)
  • Golden Eagle
  • Golden Shiner
  • Golden-crowned Kinglet
  • Goldenrod species
  • Gossamer-winged Butterflies (Lycaenidae)
  • Grapevines (Vitaceae)
  • Grapevines (Vitales)
  • Grasses (Poaceae)
  • Grasshoppers and Crickets (Orthoptera)
  • Grassy Plants (Poales)
  • Gray (Prof. Asa)
  • Gray Catbird
  • Gray Garden Slug
  • Gray Hairstreak
  • Gray-headed Coneflower
  • Great Apes (Hominidae)
  • Great Black-backed Gull
  • Great Blue Heron
  • Great Blue Skimmer
  • Great Brown Drake
  • Great Crested Flycatcher
  • Great Egret
  • Great Horned Owl
  • Great Lobelia
  • Great Rhododendron
  • Greater Scaup
  • Greater Yellowlegs
  • Grebes (Podicipedidae)
  • Grebes (Podicipediformes)
  • Green Ash
  • Green Frog
  • Green-headed Coneflower
  • Green-winged Teal
  • Greenbottle Fly
  • Greenside Darter
  • Ground Beetles (Carabidae)
  • Gulls and Terns (Laridae)
  • Habitats
  • Hackberries and Hops (Cannabaceae)
  • Hairy Woodpecker
  • Halberd-leaved Rose Mallow
  • Haldeman (Prof. Samuel S.)
  • Halloween Pennant
  • Hard Ticks (Ixodidae)
  • Harrisburg International Airport
  • Hawk Watches
  • Hawks and Eagles (Accipitridae)
  • Heath Hen
  • Heathers (Ericaceae)
  • Herbicides
  • Hermit Thrush
  • Herons and Egrets (Ardeidae)
  • Herring (Clupeidae)
  • Herring (Clupeiformes)
  • Herring Gull
  • Hickory Shad
  • Hickory Tussock Moth
  • Highbush Cranberry
  • Hollies (Aquifoliaceae)
  • Hollies (Aquifoliales)
  • Holtwood Dam
  • Honey Bee
  • Honeysuckles and Valerians (Dipsacales)
  • Honeysuckles and Viburnums (Adoxaceae)
  • Hooded Merganser
  • Horace's Duskywing
  • Horned Grebe
  • Horned Lark
  • Horseshoe Crabs (Limulidae)
  • Horseshoe Crabs (Xiphosura)
  • House Finch
  • House Fly
  • House Sparrow
  • House Wren
  • Houseflies and Stableflies (Muscidae)
  • Hover Flies (Syrphidae)
  • Human
  • Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
  • Hurricane Agnes
  • Ibises and Spoonbills (Threskiornithidae)
  • Ice Age
  • Ice Scour
  • Ictalurids (Ictaluridae)
  • Impatiens and Azaleas (Ericales)
  • Indiangrass
  • Indiantown Run
  • Indigo Bunting
  • Infiltration
  • Insecticides
  • Insects (Insecta)
  • Invasive Species
  • Ivory-billed Woodpecker
  • Japanese Beetle
  • Japanese Stiltgrass
  • Jays and Crows (Corvidae)
  • Jewel Beetles (Buprestidae)
  • Joe-Pye Weed species
  • Jumping Spiders (Salticidae)
  • Katydids (Tettigoniidae)
  • Killdeer
  • Killifish and Livebearers (Cyprinodontiformes)
  • Killifish and Topminnows (Fundulidae)
  • Kingfishers (Alcedinidae)
  • Kinglets (Regulidae)
  • Knotweeds and Smartweeds (Polygonaceae)
  • Lady Beetles (Coccinellidae)
  • Lake Clarke
  • Lakes
  • Lance-leaved Coreopsis
  • Lancet Clubtail
  • Landmarks
  • Lanternflies (Fulgoridae)
  • Large Moths (Saturniidae)
  • Larks (Alaudidae)
  • Laurels (Lauraceae)
  • Leafcutter Bee species
  • Least Sandpiper
  • Least Skipper
  • LeConte (Prof. J. L.)
  • Legacy Sediment
  • Legacy Sediment Removal
  • Legumes (Fabaceae)
  • Legumes and Milkworts (Fabales)
  • Lentic Waters
  • Lesser Angle-winged Katydid
  • Lesser Black-backed Gull
  • Lesser Canada Goose
  • Lesser Celandine
  • Lesser Mystery Snail
  • Lesser Scaup
  • Lesser Yellowlegs
  • Libhart (Judge John J.)
  • Lilies (Liliaceae)
  • Lilies (Liliales)
  • Limpets and Ram's Horns (Planorbidae)
  • Lincoln's Sparrow
  • Linnaean Society of Lancaster City and County
  • Litter
  • Little Bluestem
  • Livestock in Streams
  • Long-tailed Duck
  • Longhorn Beetles (Cerambycidae)
  • Longnose Dace
  • Loons (Gaviidae)
  • Loons (Gaviiformes)
  • Lotic Waters
  • Lovegrass species
  • Lungless Salamanders (Plethodontidae)
  • Magicicada cassinii
  • Magicicada septendecim
  • Magicicada septendecula
  • Magnolia Warbler
  • Magnolias and Tuliptrees (Magnoliaceae)
  • Magnolias and Tuliptrees (Magnoliales)
  • Magnolias and Tuliptrees (Magnoliids)
  • Mallard
  • Mallard (polygamous form)
  • Mallows (Malvaceae)
  • Mammals (Mammalia)
  • Margined Madtom
  • Maryland Senna
  • Mason and Leafcutter Bees (Megachilidae)
  • Mason Bee species
  • Mayflies (Ephemeroptera)
  • McCaskey (John P.)
  • Merlin
  • Mexican Cigar
  • Mice and Voles (Cricetidae)
  • Mile-a-minute Weed
  • Mimics (Mimidae)
  • Mints and Sages (Lamiaceae)
  • Mississippi Kite
  • Mole Crab
  • Mole Crabs (Hippidae)
  • Moles (Talpidae)
  • Mollusks (Mollusca)
  • Monarch
  • Monkeys and Apes (Primates)
  • Monocots (Monocotyledon)
  • Mosquitos (Culicidae)
  • Moth species
  • Motmots and Kingfishers (Coraciiformes)
  • Mountain Laurel
  • Mourning Cloak
  • Mourning Dove
  • Multiflora Rose
  • Mute Swan
  • Myrtles (Myrtales)
  • Mystery Snails (Viviparidae)
  • Nashville Warbler
  • Neonicotinoids
  • Neotropical and Afrotropical Parrots (Psittacidae)
  • Net-spinning Caddisflies (Hydropsychidae)
  • New World Quail (Odontophoridae)
  • Nighthawks and Nightjars (Caprimulgidae)
  • Nighthawks and Nightjars (Caprimulgiformes)
  • No-till Farming
  • Non-native/Introduced Species
  • Northern Bobwhite
  • Northern Cardinal
  • Northern Flicker
  • Northern Goshawk
  • Northern Hackberry
  • Northern Harrier
  • Northern House Mosquito
  • Northern Mockingbird
  • Northern Parula
  • Northern Pintail
  • Northern Red Oak
  • Northern Rough-winged Swallow
  • Northern Shoveler
  • Northern Slimy Salamander
  • Northern Snakehead
  • Northern Spring Peeper
  • Northern Walkingstick
  • Northern Water Snake
  • Northern Waterthrush
  • Norway Spruce
  • Nuthatches (Sittidae)
  • Nutrient Management
  • Nutrients and Sediment
  • Oil Spills
  • Old World Sparrows (Passeridae)
  • Oleander Aphid
  • Olive-sided Flycatcher
  • Orange Sulphur
  • Orb-weaver Spiders (Araneidae)
  • Orchard Oriole
  • Osprey
  • Osprey (Pandionidae)
  • Ovenbird
  • Owls (Strigiformes)
  • Oxeye
  • P.C.B.s (polychlorinated biphenyls)
  • Painted Lady
  • Painted Turtle
  • Pale Touch-Me-Not
  • Palm Warbler
  • Paper Wasp
  • Parrots (Psittaciformes)
  • Partridge Pea
  • Passenger Pigeon
  • Pearl Crescent
  • Pelicans and Herons (Pelecaniformes)
  • Perch and Darters (Percidae)
  • Perch-like Fishes (Perciformes)
  • Perching Birds (Passeriformes)
  • Peregrine Falcon
  • Periodical Cicada
  • Pesticides
  • Physiographic Provinces
  • Pickerelweed
  • Pied-billed Grebe
  • Piedmont Province
  • Pig
  • Pigeons and Doves (Columbidae)
  • Pigeons and Doves (Columbiformes)
  • Pigs (Suidae)
  • Pileated Woodpecker
  • Pin Oak
  • Pine Siskin
  • Pines (Pinaceae)
  • Pinxter Flower
  • Pipe Organ Mud Dauber
  • Plains Coreopsis
  • Plane Trees (Platanaceae)
  • Plane Trees and Lotus (Proteales)
  • Plants (Plantae)
  • Plovers (Charadriidae)
  • Point Source Pollutants
  • Poison Ivy
  • Pokeweeds (Phytolaccaceae)
  • Pollution and Stream Impairment
  • Pond Damselflies (Coenagrionidae)
  • Pond Turtles (Emydidae)
  • Poppies (Papaveraceae)
  • Poppies and Buttercups (Ranunculales)
  • Pothole Rocks
  • Powdered Dancer
  • Praying Mantises (Mantidae)
  • Praying Mantises (Mantodea)
  • Prince Baskettail
  • Purple Coneflower
  • Purple Finch
  • Purple Loosestrife
  • Purple Martin
  • Purpletop
  • Rabbits and Hares (Leporidae)
  • Rabbits and Pikas (Lagomorpha)
  • Rails (Rallidae)
  • Rain Garden
  • Rainbow Trout
  • Rainfall
  • Rathvon (Simon S.)
  • Ray-finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)
  • Red Admiral
  • Red Crossbill
  • Red Fox
  • Red Jungle Fowl
  • Red Maple
  • Red Milkweed Beetle
  • Red-banded Hairstreak
  • Red-bellied Woodpecker
  • Red-breasted Merganser
  • Red-breasted Nuthatch
  • Red-eared Slider
  • Red-eyed Vireo
  • Red-headed Woodpecker
  • Red-necked Grebe
  • Red-shouldered Hawk
  • Red-tailed Hawk
  • Red-winged Blackbird
  • Redbreast Sunfish
  • Redhead
  • Reptiles (Reptilia)
  • Retention
  • Richardson's Cackling Goose
  • Ridge and Valley Province
  • Ring-billed Gull
  • Ring-necked Duck
  • Ring-necked Pheasant
  • Riparian Woodlands
  • River Birch
  • River Chub
  • River Mussels (Unionidae)
  • River Snail
  • Riverine Grasslands
  • Robber Flies (Asilidae)
  • Robber Fly species
  • Rock Bass
  • Rocky Ridge County Park
  • Rodents (Rodentia)
  • Rose-breasted Grosbeak
  • Roseate Spoonbill
  • Roses (Rosaceae)
  • Roses and Nettles (Rosales)
  • Rosids
  • Rough Boneset
  • Rough-legged Hawk
  • Ruby-crowned Kinglet
  • Ruby-throated Hummingbird
  • Ruddy Duck
  • Ruffed Grouse
  • Rusty Blackbird
  • Rusty Crayfish
  • Sachem
  • Safe Harbor Dam
  • Saharan Dust Storm
  • Salamanders (Urodela)
  • Salmon and Trout (Salmonidae)
  • Salmon and Trout (Salmoniformes)
  • Sanderling
  • Sandpipers (Scolopacidae)
  • Sassafras and Laurels (Laurales)
  • Savannah Sparrow
  • Scaled Reptiles (Squamata)
  • Scarab Beetles (Scarabaeidae)
  • Scarlet Tanager
  • Scaup species
  • Scoter species
  • Sea Snails+ (Caenogastropoda)
  • Second Mountain
  • Semipalmated Plover
  • Semipalmated Sandpiper
  • Shadow Darner
  • Shagbark Hickory
  • Sharp-shinned Hawk
  • Shield Bugs (Pentatomidae)
  • Shorthead Redhorse
  • Shrews and Moles (Eulipotyphla)
  • Siltation
  • Silver-bellied Cicada
  • Silver-spotted Skipper
  • Silvery Checkerspot
  • Skimmers (Libellulidae)
  • Skinks (Scincidae)
  • Skippers (Hesperiidae)
  • Skunk Cabbage
  • Skunks and Badgers (Mephitidae)
  • Slaty Skimmer
  • Smallmouth Bass
  • Snails and Slugs (Gastropoda)
  • Snakeheads (Channidae)
  • Snapping Turtle
  • Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae)
  • Snow Goose
  • Snowy Egret
  • Soapberries (Sapindaceae)
  • Solar Eclipse
  • Solar Rotation
  • Solitary Sandpiper
  • Solitary Wasp species
  • Solitary Wasps (Sphecidae)
  • Song Sparrow
  • Space Travel
  • Sparrows (Passerellidae)
  • Spicebush Swallowtail
  • Spiders (Araneae)
  • Spiderworts and Water Hyacinths (Commelinales)
  • Spire-shelled Freshwater Snails (Pleuroceridae)
  • Spotfin Shiner
  • Spotfin Shiner/Satinfin Shiner
  • Spotted Lanternfly
  • Spotted Sandpiper
  • Spotted Touch-Me-Not
  • Spring Beauties (Montiaceae)
  • Squirrels (Sciuridae)
  • St. Anthony's Wilderness
  • Starlings and Mynas (Sturnidae)
  • Stevens (Honorable Thaddeus)
  • Stick Insects (Phasmatodea)
  • Stoneflies (Plecoptera)
  • Stony Creek
  • Stormwater
  • Stormwater Management
  • Stream Rehabilitation
  • Streambank Fencing
  • Striped Bass
  • Striped Skunk
  • Suckers (Catostomidae)
  • Sun
  • Sun Halo
  • Sunfishes (Centrarchidae)
  • Superasterids
  • Swallows (Hirundinidae)
  • Swallowtail Butterflies (Papilionidae)
  • Swallowtail Shiner
  • Swamp Darner
  • Swamp Milkweed
  • Swamp Rose Mallow
  • Swamp Sparrow
  • Swamp White Oak
  • Swatara Creek
  • Sweet Autumn Virgin's Bower
  • Sweet Vernal Grass
  • Swifts (Apodidae)
  • Swifts and Hummingbirds (Apodiformes)
  • Switchgrass
  • Tapegrasses and Waterweeds (Hydrocharitaceae)
  • Tar Balls
  • Temperate Basses (Moronidae)
  • Tennessee Warbler
  • Terrestrial Slugs (Agriolimacidae)
  • Terrestrial Snails and Slugs (Stylommatophora)
  • Tessellated Darter
  • Thick-walled Clams (Cyrenidae)
  • Three Mile Island
  • Three Mile Island Generating Station
  • Thrushes (Turdidae)
  • Ticks (Ixodida)
  • Timber Rattlesnake
  • Tornado
  • Toucans and Woodpeckers (Piciformes)
  • Tree Swallow
  • Treecreepers (Certhiidae)
  • Treefrogs (Hylidae)
  • Triassic redbeds
  • Tributaries
  • Tropical Storm Lee
  • Trout Lily
  • True Bugs (Hemiptera)
  • True Frogs (Ranidae)
  • Trumpet Vine
  • Tufted Duck
  • Tufted Titmouse
  • Tundra Swan
  • Turkey Vulture
  • Turtles (Testudines)
  • Twelve-spotted Skimmer
  • Typical Owls (Strigidae)
  • Typical Snakes (Colubridae)
  • Uncategorized
  • Unicorn Clubtail
  • Variegated Fritillary
  • Veery
  • Vernal Ponds
  • Vespid Wasps (Vespidae)
  • Viceroy
  • Vipers (Viperidae)
  • Vireos (Vireonidae)
  • Virginia Bluebells
  • Virginia Creeper
  • Virginian River Horn Snail
  • Vultures (Cathartidae)
  • Waders and Gulls (Charadriiformes)
  • Waggoner's Gap
  • Wagtails and Pipits (Motacillidae)
  • Walkingsticks (Diapheromeridae)
  • Walleye
  • Walnuts (Juglandaceae)
  • Wandering Glider
  • Warblers (Parulidae)
  • Warbling Vireo
  • Warm-season Grass Meadows
  • Warmwater Stream
  • Wastewater Treatment
  • Water Hyacinths (Pontederiaceae)
  • Water Stargrass
  • Water Striders (Gerridae)
  • Water Willow
  • Waterfowl Feeding
  • Waxwings (Bombycillidae)
  • Wetland Restoration
  • White Oak
  • White Perch
  • White Sucker
  • White-breasted Nuthatch
  • White-crowned Sparrow
  • White-eyed Vireo
  • White-footed Mouse
  • White-tailed Deity
  • White-throated Sparrow
  • White-winged Crossbill
  • Whites and Sulphurs (Pieridae)
  • Wild Bergamot
  • Wild Indigo Duskywing
  • Wild Turkey
  • Wildfowl (Galliformes)
  • Willow Flycatcher
  • Willow species
  • Willows and Poplars (Salicaceae)
  • Willows and Violets (Malpighiales)
  • Wilson's Snipe
  • Wilson's Warbler
  • Wingstem
  • Winter Stoneflies (Taeniopterygidae)
  • Winter Wren
  • Wolf Spiders (Lycosidae)
  • Wood Duck
  • Wood Frog
  • Wood Thrush
  • Woodchuck
  • Woodpeckers (Picidae)
  • Wrens (Troglodytidae)
  • Yellow Lampmussel
  • Yellow Poplar (Tuliptree)
  • Yellow Warbler
  • Yellow-bellied Sapsucker
  • Yellow-billed Cuckoo
  • Yellow-breasted Chat
  • Yellow-crowned Night Heron
  • Yellow-rumped Warbler
  • Yellow-throated Vireo
  • Yellow-throated Warbler
  • Yellowjacket Hover Fly
  • York Haven Dam
  • York Haven Diabase
  • Zabulon Skipper
  • Zebra Swallowtail

Why are those ducklings in the storm drain?…and so on.

Today, the fate of wildlife diversity, both locally and globally, is largely determined by the actions of sprawling masses of humans.  If the conservation/preservation mindset of the public at large fails to broaden beyond lawn care, outdoor recreation, pet-keeping, and the hysteria of cute animal rescue, then at-risk species will have no real chance of long-term survival.

What does all that mean?  It means you can stop feeding ducks now.  It’s a good start.

Hand-fed waterfowl like these Mallards (polygamous form) quickly domesticate and lose their instinct to migrate.  They soon become accustomed to human activity and begin wandering fearlessly into traffic where they are hazards not only to themselves, but to people too.  Their incessant foraging within a small range pollutes water, degrades fisheries, and obliterates aquatic food chains, often extirpating entire populations of native plants and animals from local streams and wetlands.  The irony of it all: duck feeding damages vital resting and breeding habitats needed by migrating waterfowl, the truly wild ducks and geese.  So if you really love ducks, don't feed them.  See how easy that is?
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