A Natural History of Conewago Falls—The Waters of Three Mile Island
Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines
WELCOME TO
BETTER KNOWN AS…
UNCLE TYLER’S COLLECTION of LEAVES
from
Native and Naturalized Trees
and
Selected Woody Vines and Shrubs
of the Lower Susquehanna River Watershed
NATIONAL WETLAND PLANT LIST INDICATOR RATING DEFINITIONS
OBL (Obligate Wetland Plants)—Almost always occur in wetlands.
FACW (Facultative Wetland Plants)—Usually occur in wetlands, but may occur in non-wetlands.
FAC (Facultative Wetland Plants)—Occur in wetlands and non-wetlands.
FACU (Facultative Upland Plants)—Usually occur in non-wetlands, but may occur in wetlands.
UPL (Upland Plants)—Almost never occur in wetlands.
SMILACACEAE
Catbrier Family
Common Greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia), a NATIVE woody vine also known as Catbrier. FACU
LAURACEAE
Laurel Family
Common Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), a NATIVE shrub. FACWSassafras (Sassafras albidum), a NATIVE tree. FACUSassafras (Sassafras albidum), a NATIVEtree. FACUSassafras (Sassafras albidum), a NATIVE tree. View showing leaf shape variations. FACU
MAGNOLIACEAE
Magnolia Family
Yellow Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), a large NATIVE tree also known as Tuliptree. FACUYellow Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), a large NATIVE tree also known as Tuliptree. FACU
ANNONACEAE
Custard-apple Family
Common Paw-paw (Asimina triloba), a NATIVE shrub or small tree. FACU
BERBERIDACEAE
Barberry Family
Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii), a NON-NATIVE shrub. A naturalized escape from cultivation, native to Japan.
PLATANACEAE
Planetree Family
Eastern Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), a large NATIVEtree. FACWEastern Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), a large NATIVE tree. FACW
HAMAMELIDACEAE
Witch-hazel Family
Coastal Witch-alder (Fothergilla gardenii), a NATIVE TRANSPLANT shrub from the coastal plain.
ALTINGIACEAE
Sweetgum Family
American Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), a large naturalized NATIVE TRANSPLANTtree from the coastal plain. FACAmerican Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), a large naturalized NATIVE TRANSPLANTtree from the coastal plain. FAC
ITEACEAE
Sweetspire Family
Virginia Willow (Itea virginica), a NATIVE shrub also known as Virginia Sweetspire or Tasselwhite. OBL
VITACEAE
Grape Family
Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), a NATIVE woody vine also known as Woodbine. FACUVirginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), a NATIVE woody vine also known as Woodbine. FACUVirginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), a NATIVE woody vine also known as Woodbine. FACUVirginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), a NATIVE woody vine also known as Woodbine. FACUFrost Grape (Vitis riparia), a NATIVE woody vine also known as Riverbank Grape. FACWFrost Grape (Vitis riparia), a NATIVE woody vine also known as Riverbank Grape. FACWFrost Grape (Vitis riparia), a NATIVE woody vine also known as Riverbank Grape. FACW
CELASTRACEAE
Staff-tree Family
Burning Bush (Euonymus alatus) a NON-NATIVE shrub also known as Winged Euonymus. A naturalized escape from cultivation, native to Japan and China.Oriental Bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus), a NON-NATIVE woody vine also known as Asiatic Bittersweet. A naturalized escape from cultivation, native to Japan and China. UPL
SALICACEAE
Willow Family
Bigtooth Aspen (Populus grandidentata), a NATIVE tree. FACUBlack Willow (Salix nigra), a NATIVE tree. FACW
FABACEAE
Pea Family
Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis), a small NATIVE tree also known as Judas Tree. FACUBlack Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), a NATIVE tree. FACU
FAGACEAE
Beech Family
American Beech (Fagus grandifolia), a large NATIVE tree. FACUWhite Oak (Quercus alba), a large NATIVE tree. FACUWhite Oak (Quercus alba), a large NATIVE tree. FACUSwamp White Oak (Quercus bicolor), a large NATIVE tree also known as Swamp Oak. FACWEnglish Oak (Quercus robur), a large NON-NATIVE tree. A rare escape from cultivation, native to Europe.Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana), a large NATIVE tree. UPLChestnut Oak (Quercus montana), a large NATIVE tree. UPLScarlet Oak (Quercus coccinea), a large NATIVE tree.Scarlet Oak (Quercus coccinea), a large NATIVE tree.Pin Oak (Quercus palustris), a large NATIVE tree. FACWPin Oak (Quercus palustris), a large NATIVE tree. FACWPin Oak (Quercus palustris), a large NATIVE tree. FACWPin Oak (Quercus palustris), a large NATIVE tree. FACWWillow Oak (Quercus phellos), a large NATIVE tree. FACNorthern Red Oak (Quercus rubra), a large NATIVE tree. FACUNorthern Red Oak (Quercus rubra), a large NATIVE tree. FACUNorthern Red Oak (Quercus rubra), a large NATIVE tree. FACUBear Oak (Quercus ilicifolia), a NATIVE shrub also known as Scrub Oak or Holly-leaf Oak.Bear Oak (Quercus ilicifolia), a NATIVE shrub also known as Scrub Oak or Holly-leaf Oak.Bear Oak (Quercus ilicifolia), a NATIVE shrub also known as Scrub Oak or Holly-leaf Oak.Bear Oak (Quercus ilicifolia), a NATIVE shrub also known as Scrub Oak or Holly-leaf Oak. A closeup view showing a holly-like spine at the end of each lobe.Bear Oak (Quercus ilicifolia), a NATIVE shrub also known as Scrub Oak or Holly-leaf Oak. A closeup view showing pubescence (whitish hairs) on twig and underside of leaves.Black Oak (Quercus velutina), a large NATIVE tree. UPLBlack Oak (Quercus velutina), a large NATIVE tree. UPLBlack Oak (Quercus velutina), a large NATIVE tree. UPL
JUGLANDACEAE
Walnut Family
Bitternut Hickory (Carya cordiformis), a large NATIVE tree. FACUShagbark Hickory (Carya ovata), a large NATIVE tree. FACUShagbark Hickory (Carya ovata), a large NATIVE tree. FACUMockernut Hickory (Carya tomentosa), a large NATIVE tree.Mockernut Hickory (Carya tomentosa), a large NATIVE tree.Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), a large NATIVE tree. FACU
BETULACEAE
Birch Family
Black Alder (Alnus glutinosa), a NON-NATIVE shrub or tree also known as European Alder. A naturalized escape from cultivation, native to Eurasia. Leaves from a shrub form specimen. FACWBlack Alder (Alnus glutinosa), a NON-NATIVE shrub or tree also known as European Alder. A naturalized escape from cultivation, native to Eurasia. Leaves from a tree form specimen. FACWSmooth Alder (Alnus serrulata), a NATIVE shrub. OBLSweet Birch (Betula lenta), a large NATIVE tree also known as Black Birch. FACURiver Birch (Betula nigra), a large NATIVE tree. FACW
ROSACEAE
Rose Family
Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora), a NON-NATIVE shrub. A naturalized escape from cultivation, native to Asia. FACUBlack Cherry (Prunus serotina), a large NATIVE tree also known as Wild Black Cherry. Included is a ventral view of a leaf (bottom center). FACUBlack Cherry (Prunus serotina), a large NATIVE tree also known as Wild Black Cherry. Closeup ventral (underside) view showing the fringe of light brown hairs along the basal section of the midrib. FACUBlack Cherry (Prunus serotina), a large NATIVE tree also known as Wild Black Cherry. FACUSweet Cherry (Prunus avium), a NON-NATIVE tree also known as Wild Cherry. A naturalized escape from cultivation, native to Eurasia.Black Chokeberry (Photinia melanocarpa), a NATIVE shrub also known by the genus and common name Aronia. FACWashington Hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum), a NATIVE tree. FACSmooth Shadbush (Amelanchier laevis), a NATIVE shrub or small tree also known as Smooth Serviceberry, Allegheny Serviceberry, or Smooth Juneberry.Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana), a NON-NATIVE tree also known as the “Bradford Pear”, the name of a cultivar extensively planted as a street and landscape tree. A naturalized escape from cultivation, native to China.
ELAEAGNACEAE
Oleaster Family
Silverberry (Elaeagnus commutata), a naturalized NATIVE TRANSPLANT shrub from central North America. Top row second from left showing silvery underside.Silverberry (Elaeagnus commutata), a naturalized NATIVE TRANSPLANT shrub from central North America. Closeup view showing silvery scales on both the ventral (left) and dorsal (right) surfaces of the leaves.Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata), a NON-NATIVE shrub. A naturalized escape from cultivation, native to Asia. Top row center showing the silvery scales which are limited to the ventral side of the leaves.
ULMACEAE
Elm Family
Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), a large NATIVE tree also known as Red Elm. FAC
CANNABACEAE
Hemp Family
Northern Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), a large NATIVE tree. FACU
MORACEAE
Mulberry Family
White Mulberry (Morus alba), a NON-NATIVE shrub or small tree. A naturalized escape from cultivation, native to Asia. UPLRed Mulberry (Morus rubra), a NATIVE tree. FACU
MALVACEAE
Mallow Family
American Basswood (Tilia americana), a large NATIVE tree. FACU
SIMAROUBACEAE
Quassia Family
Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima), a large NON-NATIVE tree. A naturalized escape from cultivation, native to Asia.
ANACARDIACEAE
Cashew Family
Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), a NATIVEwoody vine. FACPoison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), a NATIVE woody vine. FACStaghorn Sumac (Rhus typhina), a NATIVE shrub or small tree.Staghorn Sumac (Rhus typhina), a NATIVE shrub or small tree.
SAPINDACEAE
Soapberry Family
Box Elder (Acer negundo), a NATIVE tree also known as Ashleaf Maple. FACNorway Maple (Acer platanoides), a large NON-NATIVE tree. A naturalized escape from cultivation, native to Europe. UPLRed Maple (Acer rubrum), a large NATIVE tree. FACWSilver Maple (Acer saccharinum), a large NATIVE tree. View to the right showing the silvery tint to the ventral leaf surface. FACWSilver Maple (Acer saccharinum), a large NATIVE tree. View to the right showing the silvery tint to the ventral leaf surface. FACWSugar Maple (Acer saccharum), a large NATIVE tree also known as Rock Maple. FACU
CORNACEAE
Dogwood Family
Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum), a NATIVE shrub. FACWSilky Dogwood (Cornus amomum), a NATIVE shrub. FACWFlowering Dogwood (Cornus florida), a small NATIVE tree. FACU
CLETHRACEAE
Clethra Family
Sweet Pepperbush (Clethra alnifolia), a NATIVE shrub. FAC
ERICACEAE
Heath Family
Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), a NATIVE shrub. FACW
OLEACEAE
Olive Family
Common Privet (Ligustrum vulgare), a semievergreen NON-NATIVE shrub. A naturalized escape from cultivation, native to Europe. FACUGreen Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), a large NATIVE tree also known as Red Ash. FACW
BIGNONIACEAE
Trumpet-creeper Family
Southern Catalpa (Catalpa bignonioides), a widely naturalized NATIVE TRANSPLANT tree from the lower Mississippi River valley. Also known as Indian Bean. UPLSouthern Catalpa (Catalpa bignonioides), a widely naturalized NATIVE TRANSPLANT tree from the lower Mississippi River valley. Also known as Indian Bean. UPLTrumpet Creeper (Campsis radicans), a NATIVE woody vine also known as Trumpet Vine. FAC
AQUIFOLIACEAE
Holly Family
Common Winterberry (Ilex verticillata), a NATIVE shrub also known as Black Alder. FACW
ADOXACEAE
Muskroot Family
Southern Arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum), a NATIVE shrub. FACSouthern Arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum), a NATIVE shrub. FACNannyberry (Viburnum lentago), a NATIVE shrub also known as sheepberry. FACHighbush Cranberry (Viburnum opulus), a shrub. FACWAmerican Elder (Sambucus canadensis), a NATIVE shrub also known as Common Elderberry. FACWAmerican Elder (Sambucus canadensis), a NATIVE shrub also known as Common Elderberry. FACW
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Honeysuckle Family
Coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus), a NATIVE shrub also known as Indian Currant. UPLJapanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), a semievergreen NON-NATIVE woody vine. A naturalized escape from cultivation, native to Asia. FACJapanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), a semievergreen NON-NATIVE woody vine. A naturalized escape from cultivation, native to Asia. FACAmur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii), a NON-NATIVE shrub. A naturalized escape from cultivation, native to Asia.Morrow’s Honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii), a NON-NATIVE shrub. A naturalized escape from cultivation, native to Japan and Korea. FACUPretty Honeysuckle (Lonicera x bella), a NON-NATIVE hybrid shrub derived from Morrow’s Honeysuckle (L. morrowii) and Tatarian Honeysuckle (L. tatarica) of central Eurasia. A naturalized escape from cultivation. This hybrid will backcross with the parent species, so expect great variation in naturalized populations. Also known as Bell’s Honeysuckle.
SOURCES
Lichvar, Robert W., Norman C. Melvin, Mary L. Butterwick, and William N. Kirchner. 2012. National Wetland Plant List Indicator Rating Definitions. ERDC/CRREL TN-12-1. Wetland Regulatory Assistance Program. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Washington, DC.
Petrides, George A. 1986. A Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs. Houghton Mifflin Company. New York, NY.
Petrides, George A. 1988. A Field Guide to Eastern Trees. Houghton Mifflin Company. New York, NY.
Rhoads, Ann Fowler and Timothy A. Block. 2007. The Plants of Pennsylvania. University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia, PA.